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(1a)
(i) Fishing Gear: Tools for fishing like rods, nets, and lures.
(ii) Fishing Craft: Boats used for fishing activities.
(1b)
(i) Partial Harvesting: This involves selectively harvesting mature fish from the pond while leaving some behind to continue growing. It allows for continuous production over time.
(ii) Complete Harvesting: In this method, all the fish in the pond are harvested at once. After harvesting, the pond is usually drained, cleaned, and restocked with new fish.
(1c)
(i) Select Broodstock: Pick healthy, mature fish.
(ii) Administer Hormones: Stimulate spawning.
(iii) Collect Eggs and Sperm: From selected fish.
(iv) Fertilize Eggs: Combine eggs and sperm.
(v) Incubate: Hatch eggs in controlled conditions.
(vi) Manage Hatchery: Care for larvae until mature.
(1d)
(i) Appearance: Males and females look different.
(ii) Reproductive Organs: Females have ovaries, males have testes.
(iii) Secondary Traits: Males may have distinct markings or features during breeding.
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(3ai)
(i)Temperature
(ii)pH level
(iii)Dissolved oxygen
(iv)Ammonia level
(v)Nitrate level
(3aii)
(i)Temperature: thermometer
(ii)pH level: pH meter
(iii)Dissolved oxygen: dissolved oxygen meter
(iv)Ammonia level: ammonia test kit
(v)Nitrate level: nitrate test kit
(3b)
(i)Reduced growth rate
(ii)Increased mortality rate
(iii)Reduced reproductive success
(iv)Increased susceptibility to diseases
(3ci)
(i)Inlet pipes
(ii)Outlet pipes
(iii)Siphons
(3cii)
(i)Inlet pipes control the flow of water into the pond and maintain a constant water level.
(ii)Outlet pipes allow excess water to flow out of the pond, preventing flooding.
(iii)Siphons are used to drain the pond for maintenance or harvesting.
(5ai)
(i)Soil Type
(ii)Topography
(iii)Water Supply
(iv)Climate
(5aii)
(i)Soil Type: The soil type is important as it determines the ability of the pond to retain water. The soil should be able to hold water without excessive seepage or cracking.
(ii)Topography: The topography of the site should be relatively flat to avoid the cost of earthworks. The site should also be free from flooding.
(iii)Water Supply: A reliable water supply is necessary to keep the pond filled and to maintain the water quality of the pond.
(iv)Climate: The climate of the site should be favorable for fish growth. Temperatures should not be too low or too high. Adequate rainfall is also important for water supply.
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(5b)
(i) One difference between fresh and spoiled fish in terms of gills is that fresh fish will have bright red or pink gills, while spoiled fish may have gills that are dull or discolored.
(ii) In terms of skin, a difference between fresh and spoiled fish is that fresh fish will have shiny, smooth, and moist skin, whereas spoiled fish may have dull, dry, or slimy skin.
(iii) A difference between fresh and spoiled fish in terms of muscle is that fresh fish will have firm and elastic muscle texture, while spoiled fish may have soft, mushy, or slimy muscle texture.
(iv) Fresh fish will have clear, bright, and bulging eyes, while spoiled fish may have cloudy, sunken, or dull eyes.
(v) One difference between fresh and spoiled fish in terms of belly is that fresh fish will have a clean and intact belly, while spoiled fish may have a bloated or distended belly.
(5c)
(i)Proper storage temperature: Fish should be stored at a temperature below 40°F (4°C) to slow down bacterial growth and preserve freshness.
(ii)Hygiene and cleanliness: Fish should be handled with clean hands and kept in clean and sanitized containers to avoid contamination.
(iii)Quick chilling: After catching or purchasing fish, it should be quickly chilled using ice or refrigeration to prevent bacterial growth.
(iv)Proper packaging: Fish should be packed in airtight and leak-proof containers to prevent exposure to air, which can cause oxidation and spoilage.
(v)Proper handling and transportation: Fish should be handled gently and transported in proper temperature-controlled containers to minimize damage and maintain freshness.
(5d)
A by-catch in fisheries refers to the unintended capture of non-target species or undersized fish during fishing operations. The term "by-catch" is used to describe the incidental catch that occurs alongside the desired catch in fisheries.
(6a)
(i) Float: Keeps the top of the net buoyant, preventing it from sinking.
(ii) Sinker: Helps the net sink to the desired depth underwater.
(iii) Netting: Forms the main body of the net, capturing fish as they swim into it.
(iv) Float rope: Attaches the floats to the top of the net, aiding in keeping it afloat and visible.
(v) Head rope: Secures the top of the net and provides stability during deployment and retrieval.
(6b)
(i) Trawler
(ii) Longliner
(iii) Purse seiner
(iv) Gillnetter
(v) Drift netter
(6c) Making a fish pond involves several steps. Firstly, select a suitable site with access to water and good drainage. Excavate the area to the desired shape and depth, ensuring proper water circulation. Line the pond with a waterproof material like clay or synthetic liners to prevent water seepage. Fill the pond with water and stock it with fish species suited to the environment. Lastly, manage the pond by monitoring water quality, feeding the fish, and controlling pests and predators.
(6d)
(ii) Aeration systems: Such as aerators or air diffusers to maintain oxygen levels in the water.
(ii) Pond liners: To prevent water seepage and maintain water levels.
(iii) Fish feed: Pellets or formulated feed to provide proper nutrition to the fish.
(iv) Nets and traps: For harvesting fish or controlling unwanted species within the pond.
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