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(1)
(i) Trade and Commerce: Establishing diplomatic ties allowed for enhanced trade and commerce between the states. This brought economic benefits to the states involved as they could exchange goods resources and services in a more organized and mutually beneficial manner.
(ii) Security and Defense: Diplomatic ties fostered a sense of unity and cooperation among the states which was essential for collective security and defense. By collaborating and forming alliances they could better protect themselves against common external threats such as raids from other states or external powers.
(iii) Cultural and Social Exchange: Diplomatic ties provided opportunities for cultural and social exchange. States could share knowledge traditions customs and technologies thereby enriching their own societies. This led to an increased understanding and respect for one another's cultures fostering a sense of unity and shared identity.
(iv) Conflict Resolution: Diplomatic ties provided a platform for peaceful resolution of conflicts that might arise between states. By engaging in diplomatic negotiations disputes and tensions could be resolved through dialogue and compromise rather than resorting to violence and warfare. This promoted stability and prevented the escalation of conflicts.
(v) Communication and Information Exchange: Diplomatic ties facilitated the exchange of information and communication between states. This was important for keeping abreast of developments sharing news intelligence and coordinating actions which was particularly crucial in times of crisis or emergencies.
(vi) Political and Diplomatic Influence: Establishing diplomatic ties allowed states to gain political and diplomatic influence within the region. By forming alliances and maintaining cordial relations they could raise their stature and gain leverage in regional affairs. This enabled them to negotiate better terms in treaties and agreements and have a voice in regional decision-making.
(vii) Preemption of External Influence: By promoting diplomatic ties amongst themselves the various states aimed to preempt external interference or domination. This was particularly significant at a time when European powers were increasingly expanding their colonial ambitions in Africa. By presenting a united front the states could resist external pressures and maintain their sovereignty to a certain extent.
(3)
(i) Agriculture: Agriculture formed the backbone of the Nupe economy. The kingdom was situated in a fertile region along the Niger River and benefited from favorable agricultural conditions.
(ii) Trade: The Nupe Kingdom was strategically located along important trade routes, serving as a middleman between the Saharan and West African regions. The kingdom facilitated the trade of goods such as salt, kola nuts, cotton, ivory, slaves, and other commodities.
(iii) Tribute: The Nupe Kingdom had a centralized political structure with a hierarchical system of administration. Local chiefs and rulers within the kingdom owed allegiance to the Nupe king, and they paid tribute in the form of goods, livestock, or labor.
(iv) Taxes: Nupe rulers likely imposed taxes on their subjects, including levies on land, livestock, and economic activities.
(v) Craftsmanship and Artistry: The Nupe people were known for their skilled craftsmanship and artistic traditions. They produced a wide range of goods, including pottery, textiles, woodcarvings, metalwork, and leather goods.
(vi) Tribute from Conquered Territories: The Nupe Kingdom expanded through military conquests, incorporating neighboring territories and kingdoms. Conquered regions would have paid tribute to the Nupe rulers, providing additional revenue streams.
(5)
(i ) Demographic Disruption: The slave trade resulted in a significant loss of population in Nigeria. It is estimated that millions of people were captured and forcibly transported as slaves to the Americas. This large-scale forced migration created demographic instability and imbalances in various regions with some areas experiencing severe depopulation.
(ii) The slave trade during this period. Many coastal regions such as Lagos and Calabar became major trade hubs for slave auctions. European powers particularly the British established forts and trading posts in these regions manipulating local rulers to facilitate the capture and sale of slaves. This exploitation led to the extraction of Nigeria's human capital and natural resources depriving the country of significant economic development.
(iii) Political Instability: The slave trade and its associated activities such as raiding and wars to capture slaves created political instability in Nigeria. Many kingdoms and communities engaged in conflicts with each other to gain control over territories and capture slaves. The rise of slave trading power dynasties further exacerbated these conflicts and weakened traditional political structures. This instability continued even after the abolition of the slave trade as power struggles persisted between different factions seeking to control economic resources.
(iv) Cultural Loss: The trans-Atlantic slave trade had a lasting impact on Nigerian culture. With the forced migration of millions of people many cultural practices traditions and languages were lost. The descendants of those who were captured and sold as slaves in the Americas often struggled to maintain their cultural identities and heritage resulting in a loss of cultural continuity.
(9)
(i) Economic Development: Under the military regime Nigeria experienced significant economic growth. The government implemented policies to diversify the economy focusing on industries such as oil and agriculture. This led to a substantial increase in revenue and the establishment of infrastructure projects across the country.
(ii) Infrastructural Development: The military governments initiated various infrastructural projects that helped in modernizing Nigeria. Numerous roads bridges and highways were constructed improving transportation networks across the country. Additionally the government invested in the development of telecommunications power generation and water supply systems.
(iii) Agricultural Development: The military governments recognized the importance of agriculture in Nigeria's economy and pursued policies to boost agricultural production. They implemented programs that encouraged mechanization improved irrigation techniques and promoted research and development in the agricultural sector. These initiatives increased food production and reduced dependency on imports.
(iv) Education and Healthcare: The military governments prioritized the improvement of education and healthcare systems. They increased funding for educational institutions constructed schools and universities and expanded access to education for previously marginalized communities. Similarly efforts were made to enhance healthcare services by establishing new clinics hospitals and vaccination programs.
(v) National Unity: The military regimes also focused on promoting national unity and integration in a diverse nation like Nigeria. They encouraged cultural exchanges initiated inter-ethnic dialogues and implemented policies to reduce regional disparities. These efforts played a crucial role in fostering a sense of nationhood and reducing ethnic tensions.
(vi) Foreign Relations: Military governments in Nigeria also made significant strides in foreign policy. They strengthened diplomatic relations with other African countries played an active role in regional and international organizations and pursued policies that enhanced Nigeria's influence in global affairs. This helped in promoting Nigeria's image and attracting foreign investments.